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High-Speed Optical Links: Checkpoint 2 for Fiber Infrastructure Deployment

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All the devices housed in today’s data centers – from virtualization equipment to storage devices – require cabling that provides high performance and flexibility. Because of this, distributing new fiber infrastructure in data centers demand  much thought and planning.

We advise keeping these four essential checkpoints in mind:

  1. Determine the active equipment I/O interface based on application types
  2. Choose optical link media based on reach and speed
  3. Verify optical fiber standards developed by standards bodies
  4. Validate optical link budget based on link distance and number of connection points

In a series of blogs – the first one published on March 23, 2017– we will cover each of these checkpoints in detail, describe current technology trends and the latest industry standards for data center applications. This blog covers checkpoint No. 2: choosing optical link media based on reach and speed.

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Category Cables; Planning for Power Delivery

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The utilisation of category cables for power delivery has been getting ample attention lately – especially given the amendment in NEC (2017), NFPA 70 (2017) and potentially CEC C22.1 (2017 proposed revisions). This attention is related to potential safety issues that may emerge when high power, high temperature and high cabling density are present.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Chapter 3, Table 725.144, “Transmission of Power and Data,” contains information about the ampacity rating of conductors at various temperature ratings based on gauge and bundle size. UL has created LP certifications (optional – not required by code) to identify cables that are designed and tested to carry the marked current under reasonable worst-case installation scenarios without exceeding the cable’s temperature rating.

This arose through an allowance in the older version of NEC, which allowed electricians to substitute Class 2 and Class 3 data cables (category cables) for 18 AWG wire in certain instances.

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LAN Cabling: Going Beyond Standards to Improve Capacity

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Cabling standards exist for a purpose – it assists you get the most out of your networks. Many cabling solutions are designed to execute beyond what the standards specify.

When standards for performance are set by groups like the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), why go beyond what they advise? Because cable performance which moves beyond standards can lead to a more reliable LAN connection for enterprises.

Bandwidth and Information Capacity

The standards spell out specifications for insertion loss and background noise levels (return loss, near-end crosstalk [NEXT], etc.). If the cable stays within the recommended parameters, the cabling system will function as intended in terms of signal to noise ratio, or information capacity.  For cabling, this is referred to as bandwidth.

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From Then to Now (and Beyond): The Advancement of Multimode Optics

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Multimode optics, including multimode VCSEL-based transceivers and multimode fiber, has been dominating data center short-reach links. Why? Because they can offer:

  • Lower link costs
  • Less power consumption
  • Higher resistance to fiber misalignment and dirt at connections

There are many innovations in multimode optics on the horizon that will address several challenges, helping support and refine the appeal of multimode optics in the years to come. Let’s discuss them here.

 

VCSEL: The Light Source of Multimode Optics

VCSEL stands for “vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser.” Because of its moderate cost, low power consumption and ability to be manuafactured at high volume in production facilities, it is the light source used for multimode optical transmission.

A VCSEL is typically comprised of 40 to 60 layers of alternating semiconductor materials, each λ/ 4 deep; the bottom and top mirrors of the cavity are made with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs).

 

Economic Advantages of Multimode Optics

When measured to singlemode optics, multimode optics continue to be the cost-effective choice for shorter-reach data center applications. The cost of multimode fiber cable is higher than that of singlemode fiber cable, but multimode transceivers are what bring the price down:

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How to Earn LEED Materials & Resources Points for Green Buildings

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LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an ecology-oriented building certification program run under the auspices of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)

When LEED v4 was launched in 2013, many changes came along with it. One of the major adjustments, in our opinion, has to do with an overhaul of the LEED Materials & Resources credits.

LEED v3 called on project crews to source building products based on a percentage of the total cost of materials that made up the LEED building project. It focused exclusively on single product attributes (such as recycled content) and materials costs.

LEED v4 instead places urgency on the importance of product lifecycle and transparency of product ingredients. LEED Materials & Resources credits now encourage project teams to invest in products and materials that disclose lifecycle information, track environmental impacts of products and reveal the chemical ingredients used in the product. Not only does this switch to the LEED Materials & Resources credits encourage project teams to spend time seeking out environmentally responsible products, but it also benefit manufacturers that produce products with improved (and verified) lifecycle impacts.

 

How to Earn LEED Materials & Resources Points

To gain points in the LEED Materials & Resources category, project teams will need to source 20 qualifying products sourced from five different qualifying manufacturers. These manufacturers, and the products they produce, that have environmental product declarations (EPDs) and either health product declarations (HPDs) or material health assessments (MHAs) can contribute to LEED points.

Even if you’re not currently pursuing a LEED project, paying attention to the building products you use – including cable – offers benefits. Products that can offer LEED Materials & Resources credits ensure that:

  • Products and materials have known hazards revealed
  • Products and materials have undergone processes to document their lifecycle and environmental impacts

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Know Your Fiber Link Budget

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With data centers migrating to 40G, 100G, 200G and even 400G, fiber link performance becomes more significant than ever before. A dead fiber link causes system downtime, which costs your organization revenue, frustrates users and increases total cost of ownership.

Through a stream of blogs, we will explain the basics of fiber link models and power budgets (the amount of loss a data link can tolerate while maintaining proper operation) using multimode fiber and singlemode fiber.

To understand this, it’s vital to start with the basics – which is what we’ll cover here.

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2017 And Digital Buildings

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What is a Digital Building?

A digital building is seamless in operation, thanks to its connected infrastructure. Building systems that have stood alone for years using a combination of twisted-pair cabling, AC power and video cable – voice, data, wireless, lighting, security, AV, etc. – can now be networked together using one common infrastructure. All of these devices, which use Internet protocol (IP) to send and receive data via the network, converge under one umbrella for cost savings, easier maintenance and better building control.

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4 Ways to Reinforce Your Network with Digital Infrastructure

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We have proclaimed 2017 to be “the year of the digital building.” A digital building operates its network to connect previously standalone building systems together using one common, connected digital infrastructure. Through Internet protocol (IP), these devices can send and receive data via the network.

Can we support this ubiquitous LAN (a phrase we coined in 2016 to describe bringing traditionally separate, standalone building systems together under one network) with our digital infrastructure? We’ve mentioned before that your digital infrastructure will make or break your network. The best, most high-performing building systems designed to connect via IP and transmit/receive data won’t do you any good if your digital infrastructure can not provide reliable uptime and fast speeds for data sharing and consumption.

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The Advantages of High-Quality, Low-Loss Fiber Connectivity

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Data centers and LANs are migrating effortlessly from 10G to 40G and 100G Ethernet to provide scalability and accommodate more bandwidth as future applications become reality; meanwhile, the imminent deployment requirements of next-generation 200G and 400G Ethernet speeds are already in range, mainly driven by cloud data centers and the wireless 5G ecosystem.

In previous blogs, we’ve discussed the differences between singlemode and multimode transceivers, and the differences between “fiber link budget” and “channel insertion loss” as they relate to this migration. When it comes to actual deployment, however, it’s crucial to note that a high-quality, low-loss fiber solution makes all the difference when it comes to reducing risk, avoiding performance errors and minimizing total cost of ownership.

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Understanding Alien Crosstalk

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The industry has been forecasting the expansion of 10GBASE-T for years, and has finally occurred. More networks are planning 10G migrations. Why? Due to demand from more advanced devices, users and applications.

New concerns come into play with this Ethernet standard. Alien crosstalk – the interference caused by wire pairs in one cable inducing noise into other wire pairs in adjacent cables – is the transmission parameter that has remarkable impact on 10GBASE-T performance.

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